Micronutrients Element # 1. Boron 4. Iron 2. Background: Electron transfer between cytochrome f and photosystem I (PSI) can be accomplished by the heme-containing protein cytochrome c6 or by the copper-containing protein plastocyanin. J. Biochem. Reclamation and little leaf disease is caused by deficiency of. The −259/−79 by promoter fragment is capable of conferring glucuronidase (GUS) gene expression on the minimal −90/+3 by 35S RNA promoter of CaMV and −51/+60 by plastocyanin promoter, regardless of its orientation. Plastocyanin. The copper content and molecular weight contrast with that of plastocyanin preparations from spinach (mol. The elements are: 1. Silicon. Plastocyanin, chloroplastic. Iron: Iron is mainly absorbed by the plant in the ferrous form, but ferric ion may also be absorbed. Some cyanobacterial thylakoids also contain a caa3-type cytochrome c6 oxidase that requires three atoms of copper (1). Gene. The spinach plastocyanin promoter contains most, if not all, cis elements crucial for its activity downstream of −259 by relative to the transcription start site. Plastocyanin has 2 electron transfer paths. Measurements were made by … as a probe and the sequence of a 1.9-kb DNA fragment containing the plastocyanin gene was determined. plastocyanin from spinach chloroplasts by various methods. It does not contain plastocyanin and is almost completely devoid of chlorophyll and carotenoids, but lipid and detergent are present. Biological energy conversion relies on a well-defined sequence of redox reactions within the membrane-embedded electron transport chains of chloroplasts and mitochondria. It is lacking cytochrome b-559, although three of the five polypeptides seem to carry heme groups. The endogenous plastocyanin (PC) concentrations of Dunaliella cultures were varied from 0.3 to 3.1 molecules per pigment 700 (P700) by decreasing the Cu+ supply of the nutrient. Cloning and characterization of the plastocyanin region. The term microenvironment is used instead of fold or domain as these units often contain discontinuous elements of sequence and structure, ... use ferredoxin, cytochrome c, and plastocyanin modules. Organism. c According to the Ramachandran plot. With these cultures the amount of PC which is sufficient for maximum photosynthesis in intact cells was determined to be about 1 to 1.5 PC/P700. Immunoblots and mass spectrometric analysis of proteolytic peptides indicate that the two negative patches conserved in plant plastocyanins are cross-linked with lysine residues of a domain near the N-terminus of the PsaF subunit of photosystem I. The Cu microRNAs, which are expressed during Cu deprivation, down-regulate several transcripts that encode for Cu proteins. View Answer. In addition to the beta-sheets, the structure contains an alpha-helix from Pro47 to Lys54 that follows beta-strand 4. 5). The molar extinction coefficient (ε 597) of the copper chromophore was shown to be 4.5 x 10 3. Plant J. It takes part in electron transfer in photosystem I, in which the reversible conversion from Cu + to Cu 2+ + e-takes place. bDegrees not included in total. Pre-plastocyanin (Pre-PC), the precursor of plastocyanin, and Int-plastocyanin (Int-PC), the precursor of plastocyanin without its transit sequence, served as controls for import and localization. Many inorganic elements, because they are required for catalysis or as structural components in biomolecules, are essential nutrients for life. Plastocyanin was found in a head-on orientation, as determined using pseudocontact shifts, similar to that in the Phormidium complex, in which the hydrophobic patch represents the main site of interaction on plastocyanin. View Answer. View Answer. Between 2 and 5 nmoles plastocyanin per mg chlorophyll are extracted (see also Ref. In a situation of poor nutrition, organisms economize on the use of these elements by choosing alternate chemistries to achieve the same function. Copper 7. Gene. 1993 Dec; 4 (6):933–945. For instance, at least 1000 human proteins (out of ~20,000) contain zinc-binding protein domains although there may be up to 3000 human zinc metalloproteins.. Abundance. A large proportion of all proteins are part of this category. The coordination sphere of the copper atom is comprised of two strongly bound histidine ligands and one cysteinate ligand. Reviewed-Annotation score: -Experimental evidence at protein level i. Die back of shoots is due to . The lateral distribution of plastocyanin in the thylakoid lumen of spinach and pea chloroplasts was studied by combining immunocytochemical localization and kinetic measurements of P700+ reduction at high time resolution. The spinach plastocyanin promoter contains most, if not all, cis elements crucial for its activity downstream of -259 bp relative to the transcription start site. It is estimated that approximately half of all proteins contain a metal. The amino acid composition of plastocyanin was determined. Plastocyanin is imported into thylakoids as an unfolded protein (3), necessitating a separate copper supply to form the holoenzyme. In previous work, we showed that the Cyc6 gene contains at least two copper response elements (CuREs) (28). Phaseolus vulgaris (Kidney bean) (French bean) Status. It is a "blue copper" protein. Organism. Cobalt 10. Plastocyanin contains. Participates in electron transfer between P700 and the cytochrome b6-f complex in photosystem I. Plastocyanin, which requires copper (Cu) as a cofactor, is an electron carrier in the thylakoid lumen and essential for photoautotrophic growth of plants. 7A). The plastocyanin content of etiolated bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was measured, and the development of the protein in response to light was followed. Plastocyanin is a key metalloprotein in the electron transfer processes from photosystem II to photosystem I. Plastocyanin consists of a polypeptide of approximate 100 amino acid residues and a type 1 copper atom (also called the “blue copper site”) coordinated by the side chains of four residues, two histidines, a cysteine, and a methionine. Molybdenum 5. PETE. The blue color of the oxidized protein is found to be due to the copper in a cupric combination with the protein moiety. Paa1Ltp-PC contains 15 additional residues at its N terminus relative to Paa1Stp-PC. Repeated extraction does not increase this value, which cor-responds to one plastocyanin for 220 to 550 chloro-phylls. Chlorine 8. TATA and CCAAT boxes are located 34-bp and 68-bp, respectively, upstream of the transcription start de, the 5’-untranslated leader is 78 nucleotides long, and the intronless gene has at least two different polyadenylation sites. Sodium 9. Our analysis of the 16 kb Arabidopsis plastocyanin region gives insight into the organisation of a region that contains a cluster of genes. S/MARs contain sequences that strongly resemble the 21 bp DNA element found in S/MARs of the plastocyanin region. Definition of plastocyanin An electron transferprotein, containing a type 1 copper site, involved in plant and cyanobacterial photosynthesis, which transfers electrons to … Each sheet contains parallel and antiparallel beta-strands. The following points highlight the top ten essential elements of Micronutrients. However, the interaction in the cross-complex is dependent on electrostatics, similar to that in the Nostoc complex. Metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor. View Answer. Vorst O, Kock P, Lever A, Weterings B, Weisbeek P, Smeekens S. The promoter of the Arabidopsis thaliana plastocyanin gene contains a far upstream enhancer-like element involved in chloroplast-dependent expression. Plastocyanin and cytochrome C552 are interchangeable electron carriers in the photosynthetic electron transfer chains of some cyanobacteria and green algae (P. M. Wood, Eur. Reviewed-Annotation score: -Experimental evidence at protein level i. Plastocyanin (Pc) is a copper-containing protein, which functions as an electron carrier between the cytochrome b(6)f and photosystem 1 (PS1) complexes in the photosynthetic electron transfer (ET) chain. Treatment with Triton X-100 is most ef-fective. wt., 21,000) and Chenopodium album (mol. An important question that can now be tackled is whether this organisation is related to the spatial and temporal expression pattern of the genes. This model for the overall tumbling of plastocyanin provided a statistically significant improvement over the isotropic model, yielding an F statistic value of 4.7 for Cu(II) plastocyanin and of 5. View Answer. View Answer. The plastocyanin contains some uncharacterized carbohydrate. Plastocyanin, a photosynthetic electron transfer catalyst, is the most abundant copper protein in these organisms. In plants, the photosynthetic electron transport between the two photosystems has to cover distances of a few hundred nanometers. (i,i ϩ 2) (i,i ϩ 3) (i,i ϩ 4) and (i,i ϩ 5). Zinc 6. The -259/-79 bp promoter fragment is capable of conferring glucuronidase (GUS) gene expression on the minimal -90/+3 bp 35S RNA promoter of CaMV and -51/+60 bp plastocyanin promoter, regardless of its orientation. PETE. This plastocyanin is the smallest copper-protein yet reported; its molecular weight is 10,690. Based on the alignment of seven Arabidopsis S/MAR we propose Figure 1. Spinacia oleracea (Spinach) Status. Copper is activator of enzyme. The ET is mediated by His87 situated in the hydrophobic surface in the north region of Pc. Plastocyanin and cytochrome c 6 abundance is reciprocally dependent on Crr1: The best example of metabolic adaptation to copper-deficiency is found in cyanobacteria and eukaryotic green algae. The elements arsenic, copper and mercury have which of the following effect? Die back disease in citrus is due to deficiency of. Manganese 3. The symerythrin and plastocyanin modules are largely associated with later Archean metabolisms, which include oxidation or aerobic pathways (Fig. Photosystem I and plastocyanin can be cross-linked to an active electron transfer complex. The influence of the transcriptional enhancer of the pea plastocyanin gene ( PetE ) on the acetylation of histones was examined with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments using antibodies that recognize acetylated or nonacetylated histones H3 and H4. 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