But some of the laughs were painful. Jennifer L. Eberhardt is a social psychologist investigating the subtle, complex, largely unconscious yet deeply ingrained ways that individuals racially code and categorize people, with a particular focus on associations between race and crime. Jennifer Eberhardt is fascinated with objects. She also studies representations of race and behavioral implications in real world settings, such as in schools or police departments. She introduced the class to the quizmaster test, in which one student poses as a quiz show host, like Alex Trebek on Jeopardy!, and another poses as a contestant. When students viewed faces of their own race, brain areas involved in facial recognition lit up more than when viewing faces of other races. Research Report Looking Deathworthy Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes Jennifer L. Eberhardt,1 Paul G. Davies,2 Valerie J. Purdie-Vaughns,3 and Sheri Lynn Johnson4 1Department of Psychology, Stanford University; 2Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles; 3Department of Psychology, Yale University; … “What’s distinctive about her work is how bold she is,” says Susan Fiske, a psychologist at Princeton University who wrote the authoritative textbook about social cognition. Description. Authors: Jason A. Okonofua and Jennifer L. Eberhardt. There’s no easy antidote for unconscious bias. “This wasn’t just a bias, where you think, ‘This group is not as good as my group,’” she says. She’s a social-scientific Virgil, offering expert commentary that illumines the book’s otherwise lightless descent into the hellish depths of racial prejudice. Her studies regarding visual attention and racial bias in modern policing and criminal sentencing offer concrete demonstrations that stereotypic associations between race and crime directly impact how individuals behave and make decisions, often with far-ranging ramifications. Jennifer Eberhardt is a Stanford professor and MacArthur Genius award recipient who has worked with several police departments to improve their interactions with communities of color. Those memories never left her as she made her way through her undergraduate years at the University of Cincinnati and her Ph.D. in cognitive psychology at Harvard University. Through collaborations with experts in criminology, law, and anthropology, as well as novel studies that engage law enforcement and jurors, Eberhardt is revealing new insights about the extent to which race imagery and judgments suffuse our culture and society. Eberhardt has an earnest manner that suggests a deep sense of mission. Eberhardt’s studies are “strong methodologically and also super real-world relevant,” says Dolly Chugh of New York University’s Stern School of Business, a psychologist who studies decision-making. Jennifer Eberhardt’s research shows subconscious connections in people’s minds between black faces and crime, and how those links may pervert justice. The Stanford research was inspired, in part, by the cases most recently before the high court, said Jennifer Eberhardt, senior author of the study. She has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and was named one of Foreign Policy ’s 100 Leading Global Thinkers. Eberhardt presents this research with such elegance and clarity that it is easy to forget just how unwieldy, technical, and utterly terrifying this body of literature is. They collected body camera footage from 1 month’s worth of traffic stops in 2014—981 stops by 245 officers—and hired professional transcribers to capture everything police said in those stops, nearly 37,000 utterances. Jennifer Eberhardt is a social psychologist at Stanford University and a leading authority on unconscious bias. Subjects who had been primed with black faces recognized the weapon more quickly than participants who had seen white faces. “Drawing on her pioneering research, Jennifer Eberhardt’s new book offers a powerful exploration of how racial bias seeps into our classrooms, college campuses, police departments, and businesses.” —Bruce Western, author of Punishment and Inequality in America and Professor of Sociology, Columbia University The Oakland police department has tried to buy time for officers by changing its foot pursuit policy. The work, Fiske says, is “very disturbing but also spot-on in terms of the science.” Eberhardt doesn’t know how those ideas made their way into the minds of her study participants, mostly white undergraduates. Sixty percent of the stops involved black people, who made up only 28% of the city’s population. In 2014, Eberhardt’s group was enlisted to help with task No. Through interdisciplinary collaborations and a wide-ranging array of methods -- from laboratory studies to novel field experiments -- Jennifer L. Eberhardt has revealed the startling, and often dispiriting, extent to which racial imagery and judgments shape actions and outcomes both in our criminal justice system and our neighborhoods, schools and workplaces. Jennifer Lynn Eberhardt (born 1965) is an African-American social psychologist who is currently a professor in the Department of Psychology at Stanford University. Using the familiar dot-probe technique, she primed a group of students with subliminal images of black or white faces, followed by vague images of various animals, including apes. Another study of unconscious bias found that teachers were more likely to discipline black students—not on the first offense, but on the second: The teachers apparently were quicker to see “patterns” of bad behavior in black children. The Oakland police have a long record of scandals. ", "MacArthur Genius Recipient Jennifer Eberhardt Discusses Her New Book 'Biased'", "'You Don't Have to Be a Bigot to Have Bias,' Expert Explains", Research Finds Police Officers Less Respectful to African-American Drivers, "Police Are Less Respectful Toward Black Drivers, Report Finds", "Study: Black Teachers Won’t Save Black Students from Receiving Harsher Punishments Than Their White Peers", © 2021 John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, MacArthur Award for Creative & Effective Institutions. (They also tend to face longer prison terms for similar crimes.) Dr. Jennifer Eberhardt is a professor of psychology at Stanford and a recipient of a 2014 MacArthur “genius” grant. She and colleagues did a series of experiments using the dot-probe paradigm, a well-known method of implanting subliminal images. Observers almost always say they see the quizmaster as more intelligent, despite knowing that’s simply because the host already has the answers. Dr. Eberhardt has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and was named one of Foreign Policy’s 100 Leading Global Thinkers. Students primed with black faces detected ape images more quickly. Jennifer L Eberhardt's 34 research works with 3,933 citations and 8,109 reads, including: The development of race effects in face processing from childhood through adulthood: Neural … “She has been working tirelessly on this issue and brought a whole new series of concepts to the department,” says Jim Chanin, an attorney whose class action suit prompted the court order and who has seen the department’s record improve. Eberhardt wondered about the staying power of those associations. In a more recent outrage, a group of officers passed around a 19-year-old prostitute. When Jennifer Eberhardt appeared on The Daily Show with Trevor Noah in April 2019, she had a hard time keeping a straight face. The privacy of your data is important to us. Psychology, Harvard University, June 1993 A.M. When she reversed the process, students primed with line drawings of apes directed their attention to black faces more quickly. Jennifer Eberhardt, Ph.D., is Morris M. Doyle Centennial Professor of Public Policy, Professor of Psychology, and Faculty Co-Director of SPARQ. Jennifer L. Eberhardt received a B.A. Extending this research to the criminal sentencing of juveniles, she found that simply bringing to mind a black juvenile offender led people to perceive juveniles in general as more similar to adults and therefore more worthy of severe punishment, highlighting the fragility of protection for young defendants when race is a factor. Another tack is to introduce what Eberhardt calls friction into the system. The subjects, who included both police officers and students, were asked to press a key as soon as they recognized the object. Black people were also stopped more often than white drivers for minor violations and indistinct reasons rather than “actionable intelligence” such as a traffic violation or outstanding warrant. Maybe immune flare-ups, Controversial study says U.S. labs use 111 million mice, rats, Disgraced COVID-19 studies are still routinely cited, New mutations raise specter of ‘immune escape’, American Association for the Advancement of Science. Jennifer Eberhardt makes it clear that racism operates at all levels, and it fills me with hope to know that she is fighting it at all levels. Through interdisciplinary collaborations and innovative methods—from laboratory studies to … “The whole culture has changed, and Dr. Eberhardt has been part of that.”. That friction caused people to evaluate their reasoning before making bias-based assumptions, and the incidence of racial profiling fell by more than 75%. The court-enforced agreement also required the department to reform itself, spelling out 51 tasks. From 1995 to 1998, she held a joint faculty position at Yale University in the Departments of Psychology and African and African American Studies and was a research fellow at the Center for Race, Inequality, and Politics. Eberhardt is a Social Psychologist with nearly 20 years of teaching and research work, much of it focused on what she describes as “the stereotypical associations between blacks and crime.” “Before these results, our officers would have told you that close to 90% of those stops were based on intelligence,” Armstrong says. The world needs you." Why you should listen. In response to these findings, Eberhardt has recently begun to work with law enforcement agencies to design interventions to improve policing and to help them build and maintain trust with the communities they serve. Investigating the subtle, complex, largely unconscious yet deeply ingrained ways that individuals racially code and categorize people and the far-reaching consequences of stereotypic associations between race and crime. In the late 1990s, four officers calling themselves the Riders would brutalize and plant evidence on people. In the aftermath of the 1991 Rodney King beating and Los Angeles riots, patrol radio chatter revealed officers referring to black people as “gorillas in our midst,” among other derogatory descriptions. In 2016, Eberhardt and colleagues published a study in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General showing that people who saw photos of black families subconsciously associated them with bad neighborhoods, no matter how middle-class those families appeared. Without explaining the purpose of the study, she showed photos of the defendants to panels of students and asked them to rate which ones seemed most stereotypically black. “Drawing on her pioneering research, Jennifer Eberhardt’s new book offers a powerful exploration of how racial bias seeps into our classrooms, college campuses, police departments, and businesses.” —Bruce Western, author of Punishment and Inequality in America and Professor of Sociology, Columbia University When Jennifer Eberhardt appeared on The Daily Show with Trevor Noah in April 2019, she had a hard time keeping a straight face. When police asked the teens why they targeted that neighborhood, they said the Asian women, when faced with a lineup, “couldn’t tell the brothers apart.”. “As a scientist, I made it my role not to just be a member of a group who could be targeted by bias but to do something about it,” she says, “to investigate, understand it, and communicate with others.”. The department has been the target of lawsuits and sanctions, including a $10.9 million payout in a class action lawsuit resulting from the Riders fiasco. She’s a social-scientific Virgil, offering expert commentary that illumines the book’s otherwise lightless descent into the hellish depths of racial prejudice. After growing up in a black Cleveland neighborhood, she had a formative experience in middle school when her family moved to a predominantly white suburb. “She is taking this world that black people have always known about and translating it into the principles and building blocks of universal human psychology,” adds Phillip Atiba Goff, a former graduate student of Eberhardt’s who runs the Center for Policing Equity at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. In cases when the victim was white, the criminals who appeared the most “black” were more than twice as likely as others to have received a death sentence. She has a Ph.D. from Harvard, and is the recipient of many prestigious awards, including a 2014 MacArthur “genius” award. We've updated our privacy policies in response to General Data Protection Regulation. She studies the psychological association between race and crime and the dehumanization of Black Americans in contemporary society. Professors Jennifer Eberhardt and Dan Jurafsky, along with other Stanford researchers, detected racial disparities in police officers’ speech after analyzing more than 100 hours of body camera footage from Oakland Police. Rarely do we actually meet someone so heroic in real life, who is actually making a real difference. But the subconscious link between black faces and crime remains strong even when people have time to think, as other studies have shown. Dr. Jennifer Eberhardt is a professor of psychology at Stanford. The researchers are also looking at how traumatic incidents in one community, such as a police shooting, can affect police and citizen behaviors in another. Then the researchers tried the experiment in reverse, flashing subliminal images of crime objects, such as a gun, followed by a brief image of a face in various parts of the screen. It’s a textbook example of what’s known as the fundamental attribution error, a tendency to credit or blame other people for actions or qualities for which they bear no responsibility. Jennifer Eberhardt’s research shows subconscious connections in people’s minds between black faces and crime, and how those links may pervert justice. She has a Ph.D. from Harvard, and is the recipient of many prestigious awards, including a … The researchers didn’t hear ethnic slurs or overt insults. Stanford University psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt has done a multi-year exploration of policing in America. With an eager and observant eye for his in-flight surroundings, her son pointed out a passenger, saying “that guy looks like daddy,” Eberhardt recalled. Through interdisciplinary collaborations and a wide-ranging array of methods -- from laboratory studies to novel field experiments -- (1987) from the University of Cincinnati, an A.M. (1990) and Ph.D. (1993) from Harvard University. When given virtually identical portfolios of successful investment firms that differed only in the race of the principals, the study indicated, financial managers tended to choose white-managed firms. High-resolution photos of MacArthur Fellows are available for download (right click and save), including use by media, in accordance with this copyright policy. “It’s one of the things we want to study more,” she says. In other words, seeing a black face—even subconsciously—prompted people to see the image of a gun. Eberhardt’s finding, added to earlier studies showing similar associations, suggests a dangerous sequence of cognitive events, especially in situations when adrenaline runs high. © 2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Currently working with anthropologists to better articulate the process of cognitive dehumanization that occurs to justify marginalizing and discriminatory practices, Eberhardt is unearthing nuanced insights about how we see and experience racial difference. She studies the psychological association between race and crime and the dehumanization of Black Americans in contemporary society. Eberhardt presents this research with such elegance and clarity that it is easy to forget just how unwieldy, technical, and utterly terrifying this body of literature is. Jennifer Eberhardt, Ph.D., is Morris M. Doyle Centennial Professor of Public Policy, Professor of Psychology, and Faculty Co-Director of SPARQ. Eberhardt saw a way to bring science to bear. “We’ve paid many consultants over the years to come in and do studies, but they’d leave us with their findings and would walk away,” he says. Both black and white police officers used similar disrespectful language with black motorists, which tells Eberhardt that although some of that behavior may be racist, most probably arises from unconscious patterns that somehow get transmitted during training or fieldwork. About Jennifer L. Eberhardt, PhD. 5,716 words. Nowadays, Oakland’s officers make stops only for documented reasons and ignore minor violations such as double parking. “Dr. "The statistics out there indicate that there are racial disparities in sentencing juveniles who have committed severe crimes," said Eberhardt, associate professor of psychology. 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